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-# Educational Institutes should use exclusively freedom-respecting software 
+<!-- pubdate: 20210317 -->
 
- We urge educational institutes to [use free (as in freedom)/swatantra software that respects students' freedom and
-privacy](https://www.gnu.org/software/free-software-for-education.html). For example, the Department of Scientific Computing, Modeling, and
-   Simulation, Savitribai Phule Pune University [has been using
-   free/swantra software tools for more than 20 years and it's currently
-   helping other departments at Savitribai Phule Pune University adopt
-   free software](https://fsf.org.in/case-study/unipune). Free Software is [readily-available](https://www.gnu.org/software/free-software-for-education.html) for all activities in the digital classroom and should be preferred over their proprietary counterparts. 
-  
+# Educational Institutes should use exclusively freedom-respecting software
 
-## What is Free/Swatantra Software?
-
-Free/Swatantra software means that you, as user, have the freedom to run, study, modify, and redistribute
-  the program. 
-(See the [free software definition](https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.html).) With these freedoms, the users (both individually and collectively)
-control the program and what it does for them.  When users don't control the program, we call it a “nonfree” or “proprietary” program. Proprietary software is an injustice to the user because it
-puts its developer or owner in a [position of power over its users](https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-software-even-more-important.html). The developer
-uses this power [to spy on the users, restrict them, censor them, and
-abuse them](https://gnu.org/malware/). For example, many [propietary programs are known to unjustly snoop on
-  its users][ps]
-
-[ps]: https://www.gnu.org/proprietary/proprietary-surveillance.html
-
-## Why should educational institutes use free software? 
-
-Any computer user should use free software for their own freedom, but educational institutes have [additional reasons to insist only on free software][gnu-edu]. 
-
-[gnu-edu]: https://www.gnu.org/education/edu-schools.html
-
-Some reasons are listed below: 
-
-- Software should [respect the user's freedom](https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/shouldbefree.html). 
-
-- [Proprietary Software Is Often Malware](https://gnu.org/malware/). 
-
-- Educational Institutes have a moral responsibility to respect students' freedom and teach students to appreciate it -- for their own future and their country's future. 
-
-- Educational institutes often expose students to [privacy-invading technology](https://www.eff.org/wp/school-issued-devices-and-student-privacy) without any real choice to escape from it. Educational institutes should respect students' privacy. Free Software is controlled by its users and therefore it can protect them from surveillance. 
-
-- Students cannot learn from proprietary software because it is secret, and it prohibits learning as well as sharing while free software encourages learning and sharing which align with the mission of the schools. 
-
-- Proprietary software makes the institute dependent on the owner of the software while free software allows the institute to be in control. 
-
-Free software can save schools money, but this is a secondary benefit. Savings are possible because free software gives schools, like other users, the freedom to copy and redistribute the software; the school system can give a copy to every school, and each school can install the program on all its computers, with no obligation to pay for doing so. Schools can also do necessary modifications as per their requirements without further cost. 
-
-## Problems with commonly used proprietary tools for education 
-
-A lot of institutes rely on Google's Gmail and Microsoft's Outlook for their email communications. Offering Google or Outlook accounts is an injustice because: 
-a. Google, Yahoo, Microsoft, Apple, and AOL are [surveillance systems](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PRISM_%28surveillance_program%29). 
-
-b. Gmail [makes psychological profiles](https://www.alternet.org/2013/12/google-using-gmail-build-psychological-profiles-hundreds-millions-people/?paging=off) not only of Gmail users but of everyone who sends mail to Gmail users. 
+We urge educational institutes to [use free (as in freedom)/swatantra
+software that respects students' freedom and
+privacy][free-sw-edu]. For example, the Department of Scientific
+Computing, Modeling, and Simulation, Savitribai Phule Pune University
+[has been using free/swatantra software tools for more than 20 years
+and it's currently helping other departments at Savitribai Phule Pune
+University adopt free software][cs-unipune]. Free software is readily
+available for all activities in the digital classroom and should be
+preferred over their proprietary counterparts.
 
-c. Microsoft Outlook is known to block incoming mails from other email service providers [without providing a reason](https://disroot.org/en/blog/microsoft_hostility). 
+[free-sw-edu]: https://www.gnu.org/software/free-software-for-education.html
+[cs-unipune]: https://fsf.org.in/case-study/unipune
 
-Zoom, Google Meet, and Microsoft Teams are proprietary software generally used in live classes and webinars. All of them use their power over the users to collect personal and location data. Zoom [collects a lot of data](https://studentprivacymatters.org/what-you-need-to-know-about-zoom-for-education/) on students. Microsoft Teams and Google also [snoop on their users](https://www.theverge.com/2020/5/1/21244058/google-meet-microsoft-teams-webex-personal-data-collection-privacy-policy-concerns). 
-We urge teachers to help their students in resisting against proprietary videoconferencing platforms; some ideas are [listed here](https://www.gnu.org/education/teachers-help-students-resist-zoom.html). 
-
-A lot of times, students are asked to join a WhatsApp group for important announcements which is an injustice to the student because WhatsApp is a nonfree program. Further, WhatsApp [does not respect user's privacy](https://www.forbes.com/sites/carlypage/2021/01/08/whatsapp-tells-users-share-your-data-with-facebook-or-well-deactivate-your-account/).  
-
-Google Classroom is another commonly used nonfree program which is an [assault on student's privacy](https://gomindsight.com/insights/blog/privacy-with-google-classroom-education-industry-news/). Google Forms are used for filling personal details which sends data to Google, [a surveillance company](https://stallman.org/google.html#surveillance) known to track and profile users. Google Drive [mistreats users](https://www.vice.com/en/article/9kgwnp/porn-on-google-drive-error) as well. 
-
-Chromebooks for schools [collect far more data on students than is necessary, and store it indefinitely](https://www.eff.org/wp/school-issued-devices-and-student-privacy).  
-
-Many exam websites, institute and webinar websites report all their visitors to Google by using the Google Analytics service, which [tells Google the IP address and the page that was visited](http://www.pcworld.idg.com.au/article/434164/google_analytics_breaks_norwegian_privacy_laws_local_agency_said/). 
-
-Further, educational institutes are [invading student's privacy](https://www.dw.com/en/anti-plagiarism-tools-a-new-age-of-truth-at-university/a-45475465) through cheating-detection systems. Requiring students to install a proprietary monitoring software in their own computers is an injustice. Monitoring software, by design, runs even when the owner of the computer tries to stop it from running long after the exam is finished and takes full control of the computer which [subjects users to abuse](https://twtext.com/article/1252225044861693954). These monitoring apps [collect a lot of data on students](https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2020/08/proctoring-apps-subject-students-unnecessary-surveillance) such as: Recorded patterns of keystrokes, facial-recognition, microphones and cameras record students’ surroundings such as biometric data, full name, date of birth, address, phone number, scans of government-issued identity documents, educational institution affiliation, and student ID numbers, records of operating systems, make and model of the device, as well as device identification numbers, IP addresses, browser type and language settings, software on the device and their versions, ISP, records of URLs visited, and how long students remain on a particular site or webpage etc. The algorithms of these monitoring software could easily flag students who don’t have control over their surroundings as "suspicious" [which could further penalize them](https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2020/04/01/online-proctoring-college-exams-coronavirus/) . 
-
-No student should be forced to make a choice between getting surveilled or to fail the exam. 
-
-## Free Software Recommendations 
-
- If you're a parent, talk to your child's school about the importance
-  of using free software that respects the freedom and privacy of
-  students and push for its adoption. If you're a student, team up with
-  your peers and write collective letters to the school raising
-  awareness about free software and urge them to provide a free software
-  infrastructure for your school. You can learn from people who [successfully resisted](https://www.gnu.org/education/successful-resistance-against-nonfree-software.html#content) the use of nonfree software in the institutes. 
-
-Here's a list of freedom-respecting software that can be used in education: 
-
-Operating system: [GNU/Linux distros](https://www.gnu.org/distros/free-distros.html).
-
-Online Classes: Jitsi, BigBlueButton. Check this [article](https://fsf.org.in/article/better-than-zoom/) for more details. 
-
-Instant Messenger: Element, Quicksy, Conversations. Check [this](https://fsf.org.in/article/better-than-whatsapp/) for more details. 
-
-Uploading videos: [PeerTube](https://directory.fsf.org/wiki/PeerTube).
-
-E-learning platforms: [Moodle](https://directory.fsf.org/wiki/Moodle). 
-
-Recording Lectures: [OBS](https://directory.fsf.org/wiki/Obs-studio).
-
-Sharing notes, lecture videos etc. : [Nextcloud](https://directory.fsf.org/wiki/Nextcloud), [Lufi](https://upload.disroot.org/)
+## What is Free/Swatantra Software?
 
-Digital writing pad: [Xournal](https://directory.fsf.org/wiki/Xournal).
+Free/Swatantra software means that you, as user, have the freedom to
+run, study, modify, and redistribute the program. With these freedoms,
+the users, both individually and collectively, control the program and
+what it does for them.  When users don't control the program, we call
+it &ldquo;nonfree&rdquo; or &ldquo;proprietary&rdquo;
+program. Proprietary software is an injustice to the user because it
+puts its developer or owner in a [position of power over its
+users][free-sw-imp]. The developer uses this power [to spy, restrict,
+censor, and abuse the user][gnu-malware].
 
-Document editor: [LibreOffice](https://directory.fsf.org/wiki/LibreOffice)
+[free-sw]: https://gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.html
+[free-sw-imp]: https://gnu.org/philosophy/free-software-even-more-important.html
+[gnu-malware]: https://gnu.org/malware
 
-Form filling: [KoBoToolbox](https://www.kobotoolbox.org/), [NextCloud Forms](https://apps.nextcloud.com/apps/forms)-- [Disroot](https://disroot.org/en/services/nextcloud) provides NextCloud forms. 
+## Why should educational institutes use free software?
 
-Email- Institutes can hire a free software consultancy to run their own mail server. For self-hosting mails, [Mail-in a-Box](https://mailinabox.email/) , [iRedMail](https://www.iredmail.org/) and [Freedom Box](https://www.freedombox.org/) are good options.
-Further, the users of the mail server(students, teachers, other staff etc) can use end-to-end encryption so that only the participants of a communication can read the mails. 
-Furthermore, PGP or pEp may be used to encrypt emails to
-  recipients. For information about using PGP see [FSF's Email
-  Self-Defense guide][fsf-esg]; for pEp see
-  [pep.security/docs][pep]. For most users, pEp might be more
-  straightforward to use.
+Any computer user should use free software for their own freedom, but
+educational institutes have [additional reasons to insist only on free
+software][gnu-edu].
 
-  [fsf-esg]: https://emailselfdefense.fsf.org
-  [pep]: https://www.pep.security/docs
+[gnu-edu]: https://www.gnu.org/education/edu-schools.html
 
+Some reasons are listed below:
+
+- Software should [respect the user's freedom][gnu-sbf].
+
+- [Proprietary software is often malware][gnu-malware].
+
+- Educational Institutes have a moral responsibility to respect
+  students' freedom and teach students to appreciate it &mdash; for
+  their own future and their country's future.
+
+- Educational institutes often expose students to [privacy-invading
+  technology][eff-sp] without any real choice to escape from
+  it. Educational institutes should respect students' privacy. Free
+  software is controlled by its users and therefore it can protect
+  them from surveillance.
+
+- Students cannot learn from proprietary software because it is
+  secret, and it prohibits learning as well as sharing while free
+  software encourages learning and sharing which align with the
+  mission of the schools.
+
+- Proprietary software makes the institute dependent on the owner of
+  the software while free software allows the institute to be in
+  control.
+
+[gnu-sbf]: https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/shouldbefree.html
+[eff-sp]: https://www.eff.org/wp/school-issued-devices-and-student-privacy
+
+Free software can save schools money, but this is a secondary
+benefit. Savings are possible because free software gives schools,
+like other users, the freedom to copy and redistribute the software;
+the school system can give a copy to every school, and each school can
+install the program on all its computers, with no obligation to pay
+for doing so. Schools can also do necessary modifications as per their
+requirements without further cost.
+
+## Problems with commonly used proprietary tools for education
+
+A lot of institutes rely on Google's Gmail and Microsoft's Outlook for
+their email communications. Offering Google or Outlook accounts is an
+injustice because:
+
+a. Google, Yahoo, Microsoft, Apple, and AOL are [surveillance
+systems][prism].
+
+b. Gmail [makes psychological profiles][alternet-gmail] not only of
+Gmail users but of everyone who sends mail to Gmail users.
+
+c. Microsoft Outlook is known to block incoming mails from other email
+service providers [without providing a reason](disroot-msh).
+
+[prism]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PRISM_%28surveillance_program%29
+[alternet-gmail]: https://www.alternet.org/2013/12/google-using-gmail-build-psychological-profiles-hundreds-millions-people/?paging=off
+[disroot-msh]: https://disroot.org/en/blog/microsoft_hostility
 
-The GNU website lists free software that can be used in schools and educational institutions of all levels (https://www.gnu.org/software/free-software-for-education.html). The Free Software Foundation keeps a comprehensive database of educational software at the  [Free Software Directory](https://directory.fsf.org/wiki/Category/Education). 
+Zoom, Google Meet, and Microsoft Teams are proprietary software
+generally used in live classes and webinars. All of them use their
+power over the users to collect personal and location data. Zoom
+[collects a lot of data][spm-zoom] on students. Microsoft Teams and
+Google also [snoop on their users][verge-mz].  We urge teachers to
+help their students in resisting against proprietary videoconferencing
+platforms; some ideas are [listed here][gnu-rz].
 
-[Freeduc-USB](https://usb.freeduc.org/index-en.html) is a bootable USB stick that contains useful applications for the classroom. 
+[spm-zoom]: https://studentprivacymatters.org/what-you-need-to-know-about-zoom-for-education
+[verge-mz]: https://www.theverge.com/2020/5/1/21244058/google-meet-microsoft-teams-webex-personal-data-collection-privacy-policy-concerns
+[gnu-rz]: https://www.gnu.org/education/teachers-help-students-resist-zoom.html
+
+A lot of times, students are asked to join a WhatsApp group for
+important announcements which is an injustice to the student because
+WhatsApp is a nonfree program. Further, WhatsApp [does not respect
+user's privacy][forbes-wa].
+
+[forbes-wa]: https://www.forbes.com/sites/carlypage/2021/01/08/whatsapp-tells-users-share-your-data-with-facebook-or-well-deactivate-your-account/
+
+Google Classroom is another commonly used nonfree program which is an
+[assault on student's privacy][gm-gc]. Google Forms are used for
+filling personal details which sends data to Google, [a surveillance
+company][rms-gs] known to track and profile users. Google Drive
+[mistreats users][vice-gd] as well.
+
+[gm-gc]: https://gomindsight.com/insights/blog/privacy-with-google-classroom-education-industry-news/
+[rms-gs]: https://stallman.org/google.html#surveillance
+[vice-gd]: https://www.vice.com/en/article/9kgwnp/porn-on-google-drive-error
+
+Chromebooks for schools [collect far more data on students than is
+necessary, and store it indefinitely][eff-sp].
+
+Many exam websites, institute and webinar websites report all their
+visitors to Google by using the Google Analytics service, which [tells
+Google the IP address and the page that was visited][pw-ga].
+
+Further, educational institutes are [invading student's privacy][dw-p]
+through cheating-detection systems. Requiring students to install a
+proprietary monitoring software in their own computers is an
+injustice. Monitoring software, by design, runs even when the owner of
+the computer tries to stop it from running long after the exam is
+finished and takes full control of the computer which [subjects users
+to abuse][twtext-doctorow]. These monitoring apps [collect a lot of
+data on students][eff-pa] such as: Recorded patterns of keystrokes,
+facial-recognition, microphones and cameras record students'
+surroundings such as biometric data, full name, date of birth,
+address, phone number, scans of government-issued identity documents,
+educational institution affiliation, and student ID numbers, records
+of operating systems, make and model of the device, as well as device
+identification numbers, IP addresses, browser type and language
+settings, software on the device and their versions, ISP, records of
+URLs visited, and how long students remain on a particular site or
+webpage etc. The algorithms of these monitoring software could easily
+flag students who don’t have control over their surroundings as
+&ldquo;suspicious&rdquo; [which could further penalize them][wp-op].
+
+No student should be forced to make a choice between getting
+surveilled or to fail the exam.
+
+[pw-ga]: http://www.pcworld.idg.com.au/article/434164/google_analytics_breaks_norwegian_privacy_laws_local_agency_said
+[dw-p]: https://www.dw.com/en/anti-plagiarism-tools-a-new-age-of-truth-at-university/a-45475465
+[twtext-doctorow]: https://twtext.com/article/1252225044861693954
+[eff-pa]: https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2020/08/proctoring-apps-subject-students-unnecessary-surveillance
+[wp-op]: https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2020/04/01/online-proctoring-college-exams-coronavirus
+
+## Free Software Recommendations
+
+If you're a parent, talk to your child's school about the importance
+of using free software that respects the freedom and privacy of
+students and push for its adoption. If you're a student, team up with
+your peers and write collective letters to the school raising
+awareness about free software and urge them to provide a free software
+infrastructure for your school. You can learn from people who
+[successfully resisted][gnu-sr] the use of nonfree software in the
+institutes.
+
+[gnu-sr]: https://www.gnu.org/education/successful-resistance-against-nonfree-software.html#content
+
+Here's a list of freedom-respecting software that can be used in
+education:
+
+Operating system: [GNU/Linux distros][gnu-fd]
+
+Online Classes: Jitsi, BigBlueButton. See [this][fsfi-zoom] for more
+details
+
+Instant Messenger: Element, Quicksy, Conversations. See
+[this][fsfi-wa] for more details
+
+Uploading videos: [PeerTube][peertube]
+
+E-learning platform: [Moodle][moodle]
+
+Recording Lectures: [OBS][obs]
+
+Sharing notes, lecture videos etc. : [Nextcloud][nc], [Lufi][lufi]
+
+Digital writing pad: [Xournal][xournal]
+
+Document editor: [LibreOffice][libreoffice]
+
+Form filling: [KoBoToolbox][kobotoolbox], [NextCloud Forms][nc-f]
+&mdash; [Disroot][ds-nc-f] provides NextCloud Forms.
+
+[gnu-fd]: https://gnu.org/distros/free-distros.html
+[fsfi-zoom]: https://fsf.org.in/article/better-than-zoom
+[fsfi-wa]: https://fsf.org.in/article/better-than-whatsapp/
+[peertube]: https://directory.fsf.org/wiki/PeerTube
+[moodle]: https://directory.fsf.org/wiki/Moodle
+[obs]: https://directory.fsf.org/wiki/Obs-studio
+[nc]: https://directory.fsf.org/wiki/Nextcloud
+[lufi]: https://framagit.org/fiat-tux/hat-softwares/lufi
+[xournal]: https://directory.fsf.org/wiki/Xournal
+[libreoffice]: https://directory.fsf.org/wiki/LibreOffice
+[kobotoolbox]: https://www.kobotoolbox.org
+[nc-f]: https://apps.nextcloud.com/apps/forms
+[dr-nc-f]: https://disroot.org/en/services/nextcloud
+
+Email: Institutes can hire a free software consultancy to run their
+own mail server. For self-hosting mails, [Mail-in a-Box][mib] ,
+[iRedMail][irm] and [Freedom Box][fb] are good options.  Further, the
+users of the mail server(students, teachers, other staff etc) can use
+end-to-end encryption so that only the participants of a communication
+can read the mails.  Furthermore, PGP may be used to encrypt emails to
+recipients. For information about using PGP see [FSF's Email
+Self-Defense guide][fsf-esg].
+
+[fsf-esg]: https://emailselfdefense.fsf.org
+[mib]: https://mailinabox.email
+[irm]: https://www.iredmail.org
+[fb]: https://www.freedombox.org
+
+The GNU website [lists free software that can be used in schools and
+educational institutions of all levels][free-sw-edu]. The Free
+Software Foundation keeps a comprehensive database of educational
+software at the [Free Software Directory][fsd-edu].
+
+[Freeduc-USB][freeduc] is a bootable USB
+stick that contains useful applications for the classroom.
+
+When an educational institute provides laptops to students, they
+should choose laptops which can run fully free software-- check [RYF
+laptops by FSF][ryf-l] and [LibreTech](https://libretech.shop/). For
+other hardware which can run fully free software, check
+[h-node][].
+
+[fsd-edu]: https://directory.fsf.org/wiki/Category/Education
+[freeduc]: https://usb.freeduc.org/index-en.html
+[ryf-l]: https://ryf.fsf.org/categories/laptops
+[h-node]: https://h-node.org
 
-When an educational institute provides laptops to students, they should choose laptops which can run fully free software-- check [RYF laptops by FSF](https://ryf.fsf.org/products?category=1) and [LibreTech](https://libretech.shop/). For other hardware which can run fully free software, check [h-node website](https://h-node.org/). 
+## Educational resources should be 'free' as in freedom
 
-## Educational resources should be 'free' as in freedom 
+<div class="file is-centered" style="margin-bottom:5px;">
+   <img src="/assets/img/blackhole.png" alt="[ Don't let proprietary limitations stand in the way of discovery - Image ]" />
+</div>
 
-Poster here: https://static.fsf.org/nosvn/appeal2020/spring/7-blackhole.png
+In today's age, free sharing of scientific knowledge has become the
+[worst conceivable crime][pia] one can think of. Scientific journals
+like Elsevier lock up academic research behind paywalls and prohibit
+sharing with others. Since, the academic research is funded by public
+money, it should be available free of cost as well as free in
+freedom. For arguments on how the principles of software freedom apply
+to academic papers, please read [this essay][gnu-pca]. Educational
+resources-- like videos, recorded lectures, academic papers [should be
+released under free/swatantra licenses only][rms-oe]. The [GNU Free
+Documentation License (GFDL)][gnu-fdl] is a free license that can be
+used for educational works. Creative Commons has two free licenses:
+CC-BY and CC-BY-SA for this purpose. If you release your academic
+papers under a free license, it will give everyone an opportunity to
+learn from you. Some free (as in freedom) learning resources are
+mentioned [here][gnu-lr]. We must not allow scientific knowledge to
+get locked.
 
-In today's age, free sharing of scientific knowledge has become the [worst conceivable crime](https://www.privateinternetaccess.com/blog/how-did-the-free-sharing-of-scientific-knowledge-and-culture-become-the-worst-crime-our-justice-systems-could-think-of/) one can think of. Scientific journals like Elsevier lock up academic research behind paywalls and prohibit sharing with others. Since, the academic research is funded by public money, it should be available free of cost as well as free in freedom. For arguments on how the principles of software freedom apply to academic papers, please read [this essay](https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/push-copyright-aside.html). Educational resources-- like videos, recorded lectures, academic papers [should be released under free/swatantra licenses only](https://www.stallman.org/articles/online-education.html). The [GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL)](https://www.gnu.org/licenses/fdl.html) is a free license that can be used for educational works. Creative Commons has two free licenses: CC-BY and CC-BY-SA for this purpose. If you release your academic papers under a free license, it will give everyone an opportunity to learn from you. Some Free(as in freedom) Learning Resources are mentioned [here](https://www.gnu.org/education/edu-free-learning-resources.html). We must not allow scientific knowledge to get locked. 
+[pia]: https://www.privateinternetaccess.com/blog/how-did-the-free-sharing-of-scientific-knowledge-and-culture-become-the-worst-crime-our-justice-systems-could-think-of
+[gnu-pca]: https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/push-copyright-aside.html
+[rms-oe]: https://www.stallman.org/articles/online-education.html
+[gnu-fdl]: https://www.gnu.org/licenses/fdl.html
+[gnu-lr]: https://www.gnu.org/education/edu-free-learning-resources.html
 
-## Free Software adoption in Indian education 
+## Free Software adoption in Indian education
 
-IT syllabus of class XI in Maharashtra [now includes free software](https://fsf.org.in/news/mh-schools-floss/). 
-The state of Kerala [migrated more than 2,600 public schools to free software](https://www.itschool.gov.in/). Unfortunately, Kerala is the only state in India where IT education is [imparted over a Free software operating system](https://www.academia.edu/10236947/IT_at_SCHOOL_PROJECT_OF_KERALA_A_LANDMARK_IN_ICT_INITIATIVE_IN_GENERAL_EDUCATION) and other states should also take initiative in this direction. 
-A free software named [Tux Paint](http://directory.fsf.org/wiki/TuxPaint) used at VHSS Irimpanam school, Kerala, where 11 and 12 years old students exercised the freedom to learn how the program works and modify the program, which demonstrates that even non programmers or children, [can actually influence and improve information technology](https://www.gnu.org/education/edu-software-tuxpaint.html) when software freedom is granted . School-age children were able to effectively and quickly exercise software freedom with Tux Paint in the [PC-in-the-Village Experiment, Goa](https://web.archive.org/web/20070203150611/www.digitalequalizer.org/kids.htm).
+IT syllabus of class XI in Maharashtra [now includes free
+software][fsfi-mh].  The state of Kerala [migrated more than 2,600
+public schools to free software][kite]. Unfortunately, Kerala is the
+only state in India where IT education is [imparted over a Free
+software operating system][ae-k] and other states should also take
+initiative in this direction.  A free software named [Tux
+Paint][tux-paint] used at VHSS Irimpanam school, Kerala, where 11 and
+12 years old students exercised the freedom to learn how the program
+works and modify the program, which demonstrates that even non
+programmers or children, [can actually influence and improve
+information technology][gnu-tp] when software freedom is
+granted. School-age children were able to effectively and quickly
+exercise software freedom with Tux Paint in the [PC-in-the-Village
+Experiment, Goa][de-k].
 
-Some of the educational institutions in India that are using exclusively Free Software: 
+[fsfi-mh]: https://fsf.org.in/news/mh-schools-floss
+[kite]: https://kite.kerala.gov.in/KITE
+[ae-k]: https://www.academia.edu/10236947/IT_at_SCHOOL_PROJECT_OF_KERALA_A_LANDMARK_IN_ICT_INITIATIVE_IN_GENERAL_EDUCATION
+[tux-paint]: http://directory.fsf.org/wiki/TuxPaint
+[gnu-tp]: https://www.gnu.org/education/edu-software-tuxpaint.html
+[de-k]: https://web.archive.org/web/20070203150611/www.digitalequalizer.org/kids.htm
+
+Some of the educational institutions in India that are using
+exclusively Free Software:
+
+- [Ambedkar Community Computing Center (AC3)][gnu-ac3].
+
+- [Vocational Higher Secondary School Irimpanam (VHSS
+  Irimpanam)][gnu-vi].
 
-- [Ambedkar Community Computing Center (AC3)](https://www.gnu.org/education/edu-cases-india-ambedkar.html).
+- Department of Scientific Computing, Modeling, and Simulation,
+  Savitribai Phule Pune University &mdash; [Statement
+  here](cs-unipune)
 
-- [Vocational Higher Secondary School Irimpanam (VHSS Irimpanam)](https://www.gnu.org/education/edu-cases-india-irimpanam.html).
+If you know of other institutes which use free software, please let us
+know, we would like to add them in this list. If you need help in
+switching your institute to free software, feel free to [contact
+us][fsfi-contact], we would be very glad to help you.
 
-- Department of Scientific Computing, Modeling, and Simulation, Savitribai Phule Pune University --- [Statement here](https://fsf.org.in/case-study/unipune/)
+[gnu-ac3]: https://www.gnu.org/education/edu-cases-india-ambedkar.html
+[gnu-vi]: https://www.gnu.org/education/edu-cases-india-irimpanam.html
+[fsfi-contact]: https://fsf.org.in/contact
 
-If you know of other institutes which use free software, please let us know, we would like to add them in this list. If you need help in switching your institute to free software, feel free to [contact us](https://fsf.org.in/contact/), we would be very glad to help you. 
 
-## Some Related Links: 
+## Some Related Links:
 
-- Remote
-education does not require [giving up rights to freedom and privacy](https://www.fsf.org/blogs/community/remote-education-does-not-require-giving-up-rights-to-freedom-and-privacy). 
+- Remote education does not require [giving up rights to freedom and
+  privacy][fsf-re].
 
-- Richard Stallman on [why schools should use exclusively
-free software](https://audio-video.gnu.org/video/richard_stallman_speech-sina.com-2005-09.ogg).
+- Richard Stallman on [why schools should use exclusively free
+  software][rms-sina].
 
 
-- [Sign Free Software Foundation's petition](https://my.fsf.org/give-students-userfreedom) to call on school administrators around the world to stop requiring students to run nonfree software. 
+- [Sign Free Software Foundation's petition][fsf-gsu] to call on
+  school administrators around the world to stop requiring students to
+  run nonfree software.
 
 
-- [Free software enables free science](https://media.libreplanet.org/u/libreplanet/m/free-software-enables-free-science/).
+- [Free software enables free science][lp-fs].
 
 
-- [Guri](https://guri.hipatia.net/) - a project for free software in education.
+- [Guri][guri] &mdash; a project for free software in education.
 
 
-- Ways in which technology used in education [puts students under surveillance](https://ssd.eff.org/en/module/privacy-students).
+- Ways in which technology used in education [puts students under
+  surveillance][eff-ps].
 
 
-- Schools are [deploying massive surveillance on their students](https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2020/02/schools-are-pushing-boundaries-surveillance-technologies) as if they are dissidents of an authoritarian regime.
+- Schools are [deploying massive surveillance on their
+  students][eff-st] as if they are dissidents of an authoritarian
+  regime.
 
 
-- [Join Students and Scholars In Speaking Out About the Effects of Mass Surveillance on Campus](https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2014/05/join-students-and-scholars-speaking-out-about-effects-mass-surveillance-campus).
+- [Join Students and Scholars In Speaking Out About the Effects of
+  Mass Surveillance on Campus][eff-ms].
 
 
-- [How Much Surveillance Can Democracy Withstand?](https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/surveillance-vs-democracy.html)
+- [How Much Surveillance Can Democracy Withstand?][gnu-svd]
 
 
-- [Don’t Let](https://www.eff.org/id/deeplinks/2019/10/dont-let-science-publisher-elsevier-hold-knowledge-ransom) Science Publisher Elsevier Hold Knowledge for Ransom.
+- [Don't Let][eff-ks] Science Publisher Elsevier Hold Knowledge for
+  Ransom.
 
 
+[fsf-re]: https://www.fsf.org/blogs/community/remote-education-does-not-require-giving-up-rights-to-freedom-and-privacy
+[rms-sina]: https://audio-video.gnu.org/video/richard_stallman_speech-sina.com-2005-09.ogg
+[fsf-gsu]: https://my.fsf.org/give-students-userfreedom
+[lp-fs]: https://media.libreplanet.org/u/libreplanet/m/free-software-enables-free-science
+[guri]: https://guri.hipatia.net
+[eff-ps]: https://ssd.eff.org/en/module/privacy-students
+[eff-st]: https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2020/02/schools-are-pushing-boundaries-surveillance-technologies
+[eff-ms]: https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2014/05/join-students-and-scholars-speaking-out-about-effects-mass-surveillance-campus
+[gnu-svd]: https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/surveillance-vs-democracy.html
+[eff-ks]: https://www.eff.org/id/deeplinks/2019/10/dont-let-science-publisher-elsevier-hold-knowledge-ransom